Loss of Innocence in The Catcher in the Rye Essay

Holden Caulfield, the protagonist in The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger is a complex young man, filled with many observations about the world around him. Most of his comments tend to be negative and judgmental; however he appears much more enthusiastic and about his younger siblings, and even his past. Events and situations that occurred, both in his past and over the course of the novel, show signs of Holden’s affection for innocence. Children also allow Holden to appreciate the need for a more positive attitude in his struggle through depression. Lastly, objects and places that have an impact on Holden’s attitude and positivity, symbolize the purity of youth. Although Holden maintains a fairly negative state of mind throughout the novel, he always becomes uplifted by the mention or memory of innocence, something that he deeply cherishes and attempts to preserve in this murky world that he finds himself trapped in. Events, both in the past and present, can bring innocence back into Holden’s thought path, causing him to feel an array of emotions. One of the most influential events that happened in Holden’s past was the death of his brother, and it has definitely taken a piece of Holden’s innocence. Allie’s death had a tremendous impact on Holden’s life, and it is one of the main causes of his depression: â€Å"I slept in the garage the night he died, and I broke all the goddam windows with my fist, just for the hell of it. It was a very stupid thing to do, I’ll admit, but I hardly didn’t even know I was doing it, and you didn’t know Allie† (Salinger 50). Although Allie is rarely mentioned in this novel, his death had a huge impact on Holden. The innocence of his younger brother had been lost with leukemia, which deeply saddened Holden. A plot event that also affected Holden’s innocence was the date that Stradlater and Jane went on. Holden knew about Stradlater’s nature with the girls that he dated, and he was very frustrated that Ward was about to go on a date with Jane, and old friend from Holden’s past. Holden’s innocent connection with Jane was being destroyed by Stradlater’s motives, and he wished he could have preserved the innocence of his old friend. The protagonist’s outburst to this loss of innocence was the event that lead to his premature journey out into the night, and the whole situation helped to spark the negativity that was being presented over the course the three days. Children always bring happiness and innocence to the main character, because they allow him to formulate meaningful memories, and to appreciate the innocence that they provide. Holden imagined a world of purity and innocence, and he wished he could create such a thing: â€Å"Anyway, I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobody’s around – nobody big, I mean – except me. And I’m standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff – I mean if they’re running and they don’t look where they’re going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them† (Salinger 224). This brighter world that Holden imagined brought his spirits up tremendously, and allowed him to take his mind off of his current depression. Holden’s younger sister, Phoebe, was a child who possessed both innocence and maturity. She was a very important person in Holden’s life, because the aura of innocence that she gave off deeply affected her brother. He loved his sister not only because he had the obligation to love his family, but because she was the best representative of innocence in Holden’s life. Objects and places that Holden came across in this novel also showed signs and pieces of innocence, and Holden greatly appreciated them. Allie’s baseball mitt was a symbol with extreme ties to innocence, because they allowed Holden to happily reminisce about his deceased brother. The museum is another thing that symbolizes the inevitability that is presented by the loss of innocence: â€Å"The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. Nobody’d move†¦The only thing that would be different would be you† (Salinger 158). The Museum of Natural History symbolized Holden’s fear of changing or growing up, mentioning that there was always something different about him every time he went there. His analysis of the museum represented his desire to hold on to his own innocence, and to prevent changes that could cause its loss. Anything having to do with youth and innocence, whether it is a person, object, or event, has a very deep meaning for Holden Caulfield, and it even briefly uplifts his emotions. Salinger shows love through the innocence that was portrayed in various things throughout the novel, and he uses Holden as the ultimate symbol of love and innocence, which is slowly being whisked away by the inevitable process of the loss of this purity. For Holden, innocence holds the key to a brighter world, and Holden refuses to be victimized by the loss of innocence as he journeys through the city that refuses to sleep.

Fate and Predestination in Moby Dick Essay

Fate and predestination are two entirely different themes found in Herman Melville’s Moby Dick. Fate and predestination are not one and the same. Although most people might unknowingly use the terms interchangeably, there is a very real and distinct difference. Fate is determined by man, and is the end result of a free will action. In Moby Dick, Ahab’s free will and belief that he is driven by destiny determines his own fate, the fate of his crew, and results in the inevitable destruction of the Pequod. Melville often uses symbolism to indicate the existence of fate. The Pequod itself is a symbol of the ill-fated journey to conquer the great white whale. On the other hand, predestination is a theological doctrine in which God predetermines the outcome of all events. One assumption of predestination is that God will save some souls while condemning others to eternal damnation. If that distinction is made and held to be true, then fate leaves open the possibility that free will by man exists, while predestination eliminates it all together. And, freewill is important in setting the many complex themes in Moby Dick. Moby Dick is narrated by a sailor known only as Ishmael. The story opens: â€Å"Call me Ishmael. Some years ago—never mind how long precisely—having little or no money in my purse, and nothing particular to interest me on shore, I thought I would sail about a little and see the watery part of the world. It is a way I have of driving off the spleen, and regulating the circulation. Whenever I find myself growing grim about the mouth; whenever it is a damp, drizzly November in my soul; whenever I find myself involuntarily pausing before coffin warehouses, and bringing up the rear or every funeral I meet; and especially whenever my hypos get such an upper hand of me, that it requires a strong moral principle to prevent me from deliberately stepping into the street, and methodically knocking people’s hats off—then, I account it high time to get to sea as soon as I can. This is my substitute for pistol and ball. With a philosophical flourish Cato throws himself upon his sword; I quietly take to the ship. This long passage tells the reader all that is needed about Ishmael. First, he’s educated and intelligent. Perhaps he is a teacher. He talks about whaling ships being his â€Å"Yale College and Harvard . † So, Ishmael is qualified to act as narrator for the tale. He is also philosophical. Throughout the story Ishmael reflects on life aboard the Pequod. He also delves into all sorts of academic subjects as well as theology, free will, morality, destiny and fate. However, Ishmael isn’t going to sea to find himself. In fact, he believes all men on whaling ships are lost. Whaling is an inherently dangerous occupation, so taking a berth aboard a whaling ship is Ishmael’s attempt to commit suicide. Ironically, he survives. Ahab and Ishmael are opposites of each other. Ahab dies and Ishmael lives. Essentially, Ishmael is needed to narrate the story because he is the opposite of Ahab who is driven by what he believes to be predestination. Ishmael is trying to create his own fate by killing himself. But, he is still more philosophically grounded than Ahab. For example, in Chapter 96 Ishmael has an image about daydreaming and suicide: â€Å"There is a wisdom that is woe; but there is a woe that is madness. And there is a Catskill eagle in some souls that can alike dive down into the blackest gorges, and soar out of them again and become invisible in the sunny spaces. And even if he for ever flies within the gorge, that gorge is in the mountains; so that even in his lowest swoop the mountain eagle is still higher than other birds upon the plain, even though they soar. † He can see both the literal as well as the metaphorical meaning in this image. Ahab can’t make the distinction. Ishmael has been to sea before and isn’t driven by fate, but he does know whaling is a dangerous business in which injury and death can occur. So, through an act of free will he is tempting his own fate. However, Ishmael in the course of his narrative does make many references to fate. As described, the whaling vessel Pequod is a symbol of doom. Gloomy, black and adorned with whale teeth and bones, the Pequod is a floating coffin named after a Native American tribe that didn’t survive long after the Europeans arrived in North America. It should be noted that there are times in the story when Ishmael disappears for long stretches and replace by soliloquies often delivered by Captain Ahab. Ahab is the one-legged captain of the Peqoud. From the time his leg is bitten off by a whale during a previous journey, he has pursued the huge white whale. Moby-Dick is Ahab’s nemesis which is misunderstood, mysterious, and difficult to interpret. But Ahab attempts to do just that; his efforts are futile and eventually fatal. In fact, Ahab interprets the whale as being the physical incarnation of evil living in the world and believes against common sense that he can defy the natural world and destroy the whale. â€Å"All that most maddens and torments; all that stirs up the lees of things; all truth with malice in it; all that cracks the sinews and cakes the brain; all the subtle demonisms of life and thought; all evil, to crazy Ahab, were visibly personified, and made practically assailable in Moby Dick. He piled upon the whale’s white hump the sum of all the general rage and hate felt by his whole race from Adam down; and then, as if his chest had been a mortar, he burst his hot heart’s shell upon it. † This quote, from Chapter 41 indicates that Ahab lacks the ability to understand the world around him. Ahab can’t see that the loss of his leg is a result of his dangerous occupation, but, only sees it as evil persecuting him. As a result, he believes it is his inescapable destiny to destroy the evil. And, this soliloquy from Chapter 37 show’s Ahab’s over confidence and belief that he is predestined to destroy the whale. â€Å"Come, Ahab’s compliments to ye; come and see if ye can swerve me. Swerve me? ye cannot swerve me, else ye swerve yourselves! man has ye there. Swerve me? The path to my fixed purpose is laid with iron rails, whereon my soul is grooved to run. Over unsounded gorges, through the rifled hearts of mountains, under torrents’ beds, unerringly I rush! Naught’s an obstacle, naught’s an angle to the iron way! †Ahab does several other things in this passage as well. First, he is attempting to inspire his crew to help him in his quest. Finally, and more importantly, Ahab he feels he has no control over his behavior. In the end, it is Ahab’s irrational behavior and free will, which he very much had control over, that resulted in his death, the destruction of the Peqoud, and demise of the crew. Therefore, predestination had nothing to with the destruction of the ship and crew. Even in his last moments Ahab believed it was predestination that destroyed him. â€Å"Towards thee I roll, thou all-destroying but unconquering whale; to the last I grapple with thee; from hell’s heart I stab at thee; for hate’s sake I spit my last breath at thee. Sink all coffins and all hearses to one common pool! and since neither can be mine, let me then tow to pieces, while still chasing thee, though tied to thee, thou damned whale! Thus, I give up the spear! † Ahab curses the whale and his fate as he is going under. Moby Dick disappears and everyone goes under except Ishmael. Moby Dick is a complex tale with too many themes and intricacies to delve into in just four pages. However, it would have been very difficult to narrate the story any differently than what Melville did. Ahab didn’t understand fate or predestination. Yes, he believed he was predestined to conquer evil, but that was only because his view of the world was so literal, he couldn’t see it any other way. If he did have a clearer view of life and the world, he would have seen that losing his leg was an occupational hazard and would never went have gone off on a monomaniacal quest in the first place. Right up until the moment he started to go under the water, Ahab couldn’t see how his own risks could lead to his death, and he didn’t believe he would ever lose his quest to kill the whale and eradicate evil. Ishmael knew the risks involved from the very beginning of the voyage. That was his motivation for going on the journey. So, man created the twist of fate that allowed Ishmael to survive and Ahab to perish.

Sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a multi-system disorder that is caused by inflammation of body tissues. It particularly affects the lungs and lymph nodes but it can affect any other body parts. The cause of this disorder is yet to be established and its cure has also not yet known. Its symptoms in most cases come gradually but might after some time appear abruptly. This paper is going to have an in-depth analysis of what perhaps leads to this disorder, give some of the symptoms that are characteristic of this disease, its possible treatment and the group that is most affected by it. The disease was identified for the first time over a century ago in England by a doctor known as Hutchinson and another doctor from Norway called Caesar Boeck and that was why the disease originally came to be referred to as Boeck’s or Hutchinson’s disease. Unfortunately, it is the young persons mostly those within the age bracket of 20 to 40 years and those that look strong and energetic that are affected (Baughman, 2006). Its appearance might at first appear to be mild but after sometime this may turn to be fatal. This disorder when this disorder is critically analyzed, it seems to vary across gender as it is women who are more affected than men and this is a claim that is supported by a survey that was conducted by the American Lung Association that revealed that black females are affected almost twice as much as black males are affected. According to the same report, it is also dependant on racial background as in most cases it is the blacks, Danes and Swedes that are affected most. Reports available show that blacks are affected more than whites in fact, the mortality rate of the former is sixteen times than the number of the whites that are affected (Stein, 1998). The disease effects can start affecting any organ and then spread to other organs. â€Å"Sarcoidosis†¦ can appear in almost any organ in the body, although the inflammation of the body’s tissues can begin in any organ and usually affects more than one organ† (Ebony, 106). The affected organs develop microscopic lumps which are known as granulomas that may last for some time and then disappear even without any medical intervention is done but in cases where they do not disappear, the skin may become scarred and inflamed. The affected persons may start complaining of fatigue but because they look young and energetic, doctors might fail to diagnose them for this disorder until it is later clearly suspected to be the one and an X-ray is conducted or a routine physical examination of the chest is conducted. This is what happened to one former marathon runner who says that she started complaining of fatigue long before but her doctor would dismiss her claims as unrelated and would attribute them to her stressful workload. According to her, she may have developed the disorder within a period ranging from one to sixteen years as it is only in 2001 she was diagnosed of the same (Ebony. 2005). People affected by this disorder say it is hard to describe how they feel when sick as one never gets refreshed even after resting. Generally, the common symptoms that are reported are that the victims generally become fatigued, lose weight, have blurred vision, sometimes gasp for breath, and have dry eyes and report of dry cough. It may also occur abruptly where rashes may appear on the skin and some bumps appear on the forehead, face and eyes inflammation (Swierzewski, 2000) Most of those affected by sarcoidosis about (60-80) % heal particularly after 2-3 years without having any medical attention. In most cases, those affected by this disorder do not know that they affected and end up having damaged lungs. If this disorder does not disappear immediately, it remains on a low level but might with time progress on. About 10 to 20 percent of cases of sarcoidosis are a bit serious and can lead to permanent debilitation while it is about only about 10 percent of sarcoidosis cases can be fatal (Schiff et al, 2006). There tends to be some relationship between how serious the disease begins and how it progresses and ends. In most cases, if nodosum appears suddenly there is a high possibility that the pains will be short-lived and ends without being treated According to statistics, thirty to seventy percent of the victims do not have any serious health complications that might require medical attention but sometimes these patients are given some therapeutic treatment like corticosteroids although it is not very clear whether the disease is reversed or not. There have also been cases where steroids such as methotrexate and azathioprine have been used in treating the disease (Baughman, 2006). As this study has established, sarcoidosis is a disorder that affects virtually all body organs but the most affected are the lungs. It leads to the development of some microscopic lumps that with time causes skin rashes. According to studies that have been done, the disease mostly affects people of African American decent, the Swedes and the Danes more than it affects the whites and to make the matter worse, those in the age bracket of 20 to 40 years. The cause of the disease and cure has not yet been established although some therapeutic medical interventions are given.

The Future of Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Future of Terrorism - Essay Example t governmental agencies, including the CIA, FBI, and FEMA to work collectively, and sort out effective tactics to be immediately implemented for combating terrorism (Ward, Kiernan & Mabrey, 2006, p.2). The Future of Terrorism Task Force is also a part of the US government’s strategic foundations on protecting America, and was created for predicting the status of terrorism in the coming years. The main task for this force was to accumulate evidence regarding the scope of terrorist activities in future, and then develop effective policies and recommendations for the Government to prevent upcoming attacks from happening. The January 25, 2007 report contained guidelines for the next five years. This paper is aimed at reviewing this report presented by the Future of Terrorism Task Force. â€Å"In designing homeland security policies, uncertainty about the forthcoming threat creates a number of problems. If we do not know the scale and nature of future threats, deciding how many resources to devote to homeland security efforts and choosing among different security measures is difficult† (Jackson, 2008, P.11). This explains the reason behind the creation of a proper task force to assess the future of terrorism and determine the most effective actions to counter terrorism. In the report, firstly the areas of weaknesses have been acknowledged and presented before the DHS to evaluate and respond, which is commendable (Security & Council, 2007, p.3). That is because first-hand knowledge and an in-depth analysis of the areas to work on will not just ensure the workability of these recommendations but effective policy management too. Another point to be noted is that the task force has covered every aspect of probable terrorist attacks, ranging from reviewing al-Qaed a’s future status to cyber terrorism and state-sponsored terrorism possibilities (Security & Council, 2007, p.3). This provides an overview of the diversity of ways the nation could be attacked along with

PilaTes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PilaTes - Essay Example Fitness trends keep changing from one year to another. â€Å"Our fascination with self-improvement shows no signs of waning, and theres no shortage of new exercise trends aimed at helping us meet our health goals† (Bouchez). There is a growing trend among people to adopt a new exercise style which is known as Pilates. Pilates is a low-impact exercise style. One reason why Pilates has been so popular among the masses is that it has been endorsed by a lot of celebrities. â€Å"After years of high-impact, make-em-sweat, feel-the-burn fitness workouts, there is great appeal in a slower, safer, sensible approach to health and wellness† (â€Å"Pilates Benefits†). There are eight basic principles of Pilates. They include â€Å"alignment, breathing, centering, concentration, control, precision, flow of movement, and flexibility† (â€Å"An Introduction to†). The underlying concept of Pilates is that it is a technique not only directed at the exercise of the body, but also of the mind. Although some of the eight principles e.g. alignment and flexibility are more focused at the physical movement as compared to the mental effort, yet the principles have a combined effect on the mind as some extent of mental effort is required in each of the eight principles. However, as an individual practices these movements more, the mind gets so attuned to the body that the movements can be made with minimal mental effort. To attain maximum benefit, an individual should try to make smooth and well-controlled movements while doing Pilates. Like all exercise regimens, Pilates should be taken easy in the start, and the intensity of workout should gra dually be increased depending upon the comfort of movements. To achieve optimal results, fitness practitioners tend to combine Pilates with yoga owing to the fact that Pilates is to some extent, based on the yoga studies done by Joseph Pilates. One thing that makes Pilates different from and more realistic than the

The status of Public Space Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The status of Public Space - Essay Example This fact can be explained by the relationship between architect and life. More specifically, because architecture is closely connected with daily human activities (in all their aspects) its relationship with specific social and political theories and views would be considered as a normal phenomenon. Public can be closely related with architecture. As a term opposed with the individual as a unit, public has to be regarded as a fundamental element of political development in all eras. ‘Polis’ is considered to be a ‘creation’ of the Greek philosophers. Using this term they referred to a general social framework covering a specific geographic area which is represented by the modern ‘city’. However, ‘polis’ was something more. In fact, this term had the meaning of a society in which the relationships of the citizens was close and their dependence on the political power did not based on the fear of the power of politicians to impose specific measures. It was rather a relationship of trust. In accordance with Arendt (p. 195) ‘the original, prephilosophic Greek remedy for this frailey had been the foundation of the polis; the pollis as it grew out of and remained rooted in the Greek pre-pollis experience and estimate of what mak es it worthwhile for men to live together’. In other words, Arendt finds a strong relationship between the ‘pollis’ as described above and the development of society in ancient Greece. In modern societies, the development of life is also considered to be depended on the political decisions and the general political context of each particular state. Because of the above relationship between the social and political life, the lives of people cannot be considered as organized outside of existed social frameworks as they have been developed within states throughout the years. In this context, public can have many aspects – its social and political

International operation individual 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International operation individual 1 - Essay Example Currently it has a membership of one hundred and fifty nine countries. This paper focuses on the functions of world trade organization and how it was establishment. It also looks at how the international organization handled a trade dispute. Objectives of World Trade Organization The world trade organization was formed to achieve various objectives. Promotion of global trade is one of the aims for its formation. The trade organization ensures that all countries benefit from business operations in the international market (Sinha, 2012). For example, Content Cow Dairy Inc Company can realize better returns from its milk sales globally from this objective. Additionally, increase in the level of production among trading countries is another objective of world trade organization. To achieve this objective, the trade organization ensures that member countries enlarge their productivity through utilization of world resources. Another objective of world trade organization is implementation o f global trading systems. This is done by ensuring member countries adhere to the set regulations of world trade among its members. Functions of World Trade organization The world trade organization was established to carry out various business functions globally. Implementation of its objectives and trade agreements among its member countries is one of the core functions of world trade organization. The global organization provides a framework to ensure the smooth flow of business operations internationally. It also administers multilateral trade agreements among countries as a way to implement its objectives (Sinha, 2012). This trade organization can be beneficial to Mr. Swanson of Content Cow Dairy Company because of one main reason. Firstly, his milk product business will flow smoothly between different countries globally because of the framework provided by the trade organization. Eventually, the Dairy Cow Company will be able to reach more markets internationally with the pres ence of a well defined business agreement. From the above explanations, the world trade organization provides a favorable environment to conduct business activities. World Trade organization provides a platform for negotiations (Sinha, 2012). It provides a forum where its members can debate on the issues affecting them. This organization offers its member countries opportunities to discuss trade relation matters. Seeking new markets could be one issue that affects operations of businesses among different countries. This organization offers its members with different options of accessing new markets. For example, Content Dairy Cow president is seeking fresh markets overseas to promote his company’s products. Through world trade organization, the president can find new markets. This is achieved through the negotiation forums offered by the trade organization (Ahearn, 2010). Additionally, the trade organizations offer its members the best markets to sell their products and servi ces internationally. For example, Egypt is Content Dairy Company’s major market. The world trade organization can propose better plans for the company maximize profits from this prime market. Use of consulting firms or agencies to give advice on business operations is also another function of the world trade organization. The organization uses legally established trade consulting agencies

Organization Development; contingency approach, content + process Essay

Organization Development; contingency approach, content + process theory;participative management;building effective groups, organizational structure - Essay Example Different scenarios and short term plans thus provide for a lot of cushion as far as vital tactical planning on the part of the said company is concerned and this indeed forms up as an important ingredient of the different processes that are running within the company. It might also be possible that the different departments present within a company have their own respective agendas that they have to meet and thus the long term planning can take a back seat in this equation. The administrative, decisional, interpersonal and other skills present within the repertoire of the management of the company have to understand that the long term planning has to make way for the tactical moves that are introduced within the company every now and then and which is for the betterment of all concerned, more than anything else, for the company and its stability in the long run itself. The skills just discussed have to come into play so that all of these unite and thus form up as a single, coherent message, a message that will take over the reigns of the company and talk about the problems that it is facing in the light of the completion and the eventual attainment of the strategic goals. The short term activities and tasks thus gain more and more attention from all concerned, not only the employees working within the company but also the stakeholders who have one thing or the other within the proper and sound functioning of the business, the consumers who want to know what exactly is happening with the company’s different products and services and why there is a lag at the retail side of those very products and services. Large corporations and entities need to have managers who have sound vision and proper tact within their grasps so that they can well understand the mannerisms of the ball game of satisfying the different publics, the customers and last but not the least the stakeholders. The requirement is to balance all of these so that the company

Management, Work and Society People,Management and Business Essay

Management, Work and Society People,Management and Business - Essay Example However, the general trend today, particularly in the UK, is the increasing participation of women in the labour force and their increasing importance in organisations (Bonney 2007). The growing participation of women in the labour market has called forth the connection between the domestic domain and paid employment. There has been growing attention on the work-life balance, according to Charles and Harris (2007), specifically, in making sure that the requirements of paid employment do not negatively affect family life and domestic responsibility, and vice versa. The objective of this essay is to discuss gendered employment in the UK. The discussion will include essential components such as proportion work, horizontal segregation, vertical segregation, Equal Pay, arguments for and against a gendered policy in the UK, etc. This essay will be founded on the assumption that â€Å"management and managing are characteristically gendered in many respects† (Broadbridge & Hearn 2008) . ... The projected segmentation of new batches of members and well-publicised commentaries will contribute to the preservation of the profile (Vosko, MacDonald & Campbell 2009). Majority of organisations in the UK have preferred female managers as their ‘indicator’ jobs to evaluate the influences of their behaviours and to assess progress towards the objectives they have formed (Geyer, Mackintosh & Lehmann 2005). Several member organisations have made use of the programme to refocus or re-introduce their tasks regarding the development of women. Others have made use of it to initiate such processes (Geyer et al. 2005). In all of them, the programme’s focus on involvement of the board, line managers, and HRM managers has implied that women’s welfare is being taken into account, usually for the first time at the utmost degree (Lewis 2009). Almost every member of Opportunity 2000, consisting of those who are condensing personnel, can generate proof of enhanced adap tability, improved accessibility of training and development, and evaluation if not concrete provision of assistance with various types of care (Lewis 2009). Evidence from earlier studies showed that women in the UK had less commitment to work compared to men even in the 1980s (Perrons, Fagan, McDowell, Ray & Ward 2006). Nevertheless, by the 1990s, a significant transformation had occurred in women’s dedication to employment (Crompton et al. 2007). Furthermore, women are spending longer hours at work, even though men are working longer hours than them. Even though the working hours of men have actually dropped to some extent, this has been compensated by an increase in women’s working hours, and as more women enter the

Motivation Letter Essay Example for Free

Motivation Letter Essay I am writing to submit letter to express my interest as a Catering assistant in your organisation. Being fresher, It is a good match with the job description you have provided on your website, I am confident in my ability to meet and exceed my goals with your organisation and helps me in future by getting experience in catering assistant. I am applying for this position because I have following skills: Washing dishes and utensils by hand. Having reliability and patient when working in fast pace environment. Provide outstanding customer service and friendly with all team members. Great understandings of cleaning and cleaning tools. Great at multi-tasking and time management skills. Ability to handle things in a discreet and confidential manner. Based on my qualifications, it is the perfect job for me to improve my skills to provide good quality customer service and learn new things from other employees. In addition to my customer service strengths, I have mastery  knowledge of kitchen cleaning or customer service and have good communication skills. My primary objective is to assist your business grow and function smoothly in any way I can This job is favourable for me because I am quick learner and ability to do anything. I am prepared to undertake any training offered and I am available for an interview anytime. If you have any further questions please do not hesitate to contact me (0223963129) I look forward to hearing from you.

Literature Review Of Nocturnal Enuresis Health And Social Care Essay

Literature Review Of Nocturnal Enuresis Health And Social Care Essay Review of literature is an essential activity of scientific research project. It helps to familiarise with the practical issue related to the problem and enable the researcher to strengthen the study which helps to reveal the prevailing situation of the similar study. The reviewed literature for this study is presented in the following sections. 2.1 Prevalence and contributing factors of nocturnal enuresis 2.2 Management of nocturnal enuresis 2.1 Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Nocturnal Enuresis: A cross sectional study was conducted on prevalence and risk factors of mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis in school children of Ankara. Among 15150 children, 9% children had mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis.it was found that Frequency was higher in boys than girls. Analysis revealed that gender, toilet training methods , problems of sleep, school performance, and approach of the family members to such children are significant factors. Age, male gender, experience of toilet training with threatening methods, deep sleep, sleep walking,and introverted and shy behavior were significantly increased the risk of nocturnal enuresis (Secil Ozkan, et al., 2010). An epidemiological cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in children 5-14 years in Sudan, 218 children were involved in the study and out of that 33.5% children were found to have nocturnal enuresis. Frequency was high among girls than boys and the prevalence of bedwetting decrease as the age of the child increased from 13.3% at 5-7 years of age to 2-3% at 12-14 years ( Magdi, A. H., 2010). A prevalence study was conducted in Eastern Croatia to establish the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in 6-7 year old child. Factors associated with nocturnal enuresis and parental perception were also evaluated. Parents of 3011 children were included in the study. The prevalence rate is 1.2% and it is significantly more in boys than girls. 68.6% of children had the family history of nocturnal enuresis and only 17.1% of parents expressed some concern about problem on childs future development(Miskulin, M. et al.,2010). A cross sectional study conducted in southeast of Turkey to study the epidemiology and factors associated with nocturnal enuresis among boarding and daytime school children revealed that the overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 14.9%. The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis declined with age. Of the 6 year old children 33.3% had the problem, while the ratio was 2.6% for 15 years-olds. There was no significant difference in prevalence of nocturnal enuresis between boys and girls. Enuresis was reported as 18.5% among children attending day time school and among those 11.5% attending boarding school .Prevalence of enuresis was increased in children who are living in villages, with low income families and who are having positive family history of nocturnal enuresis. After multivariate analysis, history of urinary tract infection, age, low monthly income and family history of enuresis were factors associated with enuresis. 46.4% of parents and 57.1% of enuretic children were signific antly concerned about the impact of enuresis (Ali Gunes, Gulsen Gunes, Yasemin Acik and Adem Akilli, 2009). A descriptive questionnaire based study was done in Africa to evaluate the quality of life and sleep quality and the association between the parameters in children with mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis. 71 children in the age group of 6-15 years were included in the study and it was found that as age of the child and the duration of the problem increases, self esteem, physical wellbeing and friend domains worsens (Ertan,P et al, 2009). A two-stage mental health survey was conducted among 5000 urban children to examine the association between enuresis and psychopathology in urban Ethiopian children. It was found that male sex, younger age and lower achieved were having this problem. Nocturnal enuresis was significantly higher for children in families with significant financial worries and in children from homes where parents were separated. Children with DSM III-R anxiety disorders, mainly simple phobia, or disruptive behaviour disorders were found to have significantly higher rate of enuresis ( Menelik Desta, 2007). A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2007 at Iran to estimate the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and determine associated factors revealed the prevalence of 6.8% among 7562 children. A significant relationship was found between the prevalence of enuresis and age, educational status of parents, number of family enuresis, parenting methods, and deep sleep. Prevalence of urinary tract pathology was 2.9% in enuretic children (Mohammed .R. Safarinejad, 2007). A descriptive study was conducted in India to establish the prevalence of enuresis in school children and to determine contributing factor . Parents of 1473 children aged between 6-10 years were surveyed. The overall prevalence of enuresis was 7.61%. Enuresis was more commonly seen in boys. A positive family history of enuresis was seen in 28.57% children; 14.29% of the children had daytime wetting as well. Only 24.11% of the parents had taken their child to a doctor for the treatment. Family problems,stressors, birth history and lower socioeconomic status were present in the children with enuresis. Poor scholastic performance was also an important factor in this group (Avinash De Sousa, Hema Kapoor, Jyoti Jagtap, Mercilina Sen, 2007). A randomly selected cross-sectional study was conducted from elementary schools in Changhua County, Taiwan, to investigate the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis among children and to evaluate its associated factors and severity. The overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 6.8%. The ratio of male to female was about 1.5. The prevalence of enuresis according to age group declined from 12.5% at 6 years to 2.0% at 12 years. The prevalence of enuresis in the urban area did not show significant difference from that of rural area .The factors associated with enuresis were gender, age, urinary frequency or urgency, heredity,habit of drinking before sleep and difficulty in waking. They showed significant difference after multiple logistic regression analysis (HuiLung Tai, et al., 2006). A case control study consisted of 55 children with nocturnal enuresis from a continence centre and 117 matched controls from a general paediatric practice revealed that breastfeeding protects against the development of bedwetting. Bed-wetting was strongly associated with family history. Approximately 45% of children wet the bed if one parent was enuretic and 75% wet the bed if both parents were enuretic. Twenty-one parents (38%) in the study group and 6 parents (5%) in the control group were enuretic as children (Barone, et al., 2006). An epidemiological study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of nocturnal enuresis (NE) and to examine the prevalence of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms in preadolescent schoolchildren. It was conducted in 6917 school children belonging to 11 primary schools that were randomly enrolled in the survey. They assessed the relationship of nocturnal enuresis with voiding habits, episodes of cystitis and constipation. They found the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis to be 5.9% and inversely related to increasing age. Nocturnal enuresis and overactive bladder were detected in 5.9% and 17.8% of preadolescent and schoolchildren respectively (Kajiwara, et al.,2006). A community survey of enuresis was carried out in 2002 among 300 apparently healthy children aged 5-16 years in Edo State, Nigeria with the aim of ascertaining the true prevalence of the disease and the contributions of organic causative factors. The overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 21.3%. Of the 64 children who were enuretic, 58 (91%) had only nocturnal enuresis.. Combined daytime and night time enuresis accounted for only six (9.4%) cases. Ninety-four percent of cases of enuresis were having primary nocturnal enuresis and only six were having secondary nocturnal enuresis. Prevalence of enuresis decreases significantly with increasing age .There was a strong association between enuresis and family history of bed wetting. Enuresis was more commonly seen in males, in children from families of poor socio-economic status, among first child in the family, and childrenwith asymptomatic bacteriuria (Iduoriyekemwen,N.J.,2006). A cohort study was conducted to determine the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis among 13971 children at 7.5 years old, revealed that 1260 children (15.5%) at 7.5 years wet the bed, but most wet once or less a week. A higher prevalence was reported in boys than girls . 266 children had both daytime wetting and bedwetting, with 189 (2.3%) having both daytime soiling and bedwetting. Daytime urgency of urination increased with severity of bedwetting and occurred in 28.9% of children with nocturnal enuresis (Richard .J. Butler, Jean Golding, Kate Northstone, 2005). A cross sectional population based study was conducted in Turkey to establish the prevalence of enuresis among school children and determine the risk factors associated with this disorder. Among 1576 schoolchildren aged between 6-16 years, the overall prevalence of enuresis was 12.4% and a significant relationship was found between the prevalence of enuresis and age, educational level of father, the familys monthly income, and number of family members. Mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis was found to be more common in boys. Both maternal and paternal low educational status were found to be associated with mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis. It was found to be more common in the children of unemployed mothers. Nocturnal enuresis was found to be more associated with large families (Gur, E. et al., 2004). Community survey of a stratified sample of 400 children in the age group of 6-12 years in United Arab Emirates to determine the prevalence, associated socio demographic variables and associated psychopathology in children with enuresis was found out that nocturnal enuresis was associated with psychosocial stress in the family and positive family history( Eapen ,V., 2003). A randomised controlled trial was done to study self image of children with nocturnal enuresis. 50 sample in the age group of 8-12 years were included. It was found out that children with nocturnal enuresis had low self esteem than others (Theunis,et al.,2002). 2.2 Management of Nocturnal Enuresis: A randomised prospective study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of different modes of combined therapy in children with mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis. One group was treated with primary Desmopressin and another group was treated with primary alarm treatment that was combined with Desmopressin after 3 months. 22(73%) children were dry after combined treatment, consisting of 12boys and 10girls. Combined therapy proved effective in children with mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis after 6 months (Vogt, M., 2010). A cross sectional study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of alarm treatment in a sample of 84 Brazilian children and adolescents with nocturnal enuresis. During 32 weeks, they were received alarm treatment together with weekly psychological support sessions for individual families or groups of 5 to 10 families. 71% of the participants achieved success, by 14 consecutive dry nights. The result was same as that for children and adolescents and for individual or group support (Pereira, R.F., 2010). A descriptive study was designed to evaluate the success rates of the enuretic alarm device in patients (6-16 years) with mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis in Ankara, Turkey. 40 patients who had significant mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis (three or more wet nights per week) were included in the study. They initially used an enuretic alarm for 12 weeks initially. 27 patients became dry at night at the end of three months (Ozgur, B.C., 2009). A randomised control trial conducted in Netherland to assess the short- and long-term effects of simple behavioural interventions for nocturnal enuresis in young children note that nocturnal enuresis occurs in up to 10% of 10-year-old children and that boys have higher rates of enuresis at older ages than do girls. This study compared the relative effectiveness of 3 treatments with a control group. Parents completed diaries detailing night enuresis episodes for up to 6 months after enrolment. The study enrolled 570 participants and 140 to 147 children were there in each of the 4 groups. Sixty percent of the children were male. Success rates at least 14 nights dry in a row at 6 months after enrolment were 21% in the control group, 27% in the lifting with password group, 37% in the lifting without password group, and 32% in the star chart/reward group (Van Dommelen, P., 2009). A prospective study was done to evaluate the long-term success of the enuretic alarm device in patients with mono symptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis in Turkey. Sixty-two children who had significant mono symptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis were included in this study. They used an alarm for 3 months. 15 of the patients did not have benefit from the enuretic alarm. 47 patients benefited from the enuretic alarm. Thirty-one of the 62 patients underwent combination treatment (enuretic alarm plus medical therapy) for unsuccessful enuretic alarm treatment. The full response rate for combination therapy was 16.1%. (Tuncel A, et al., 2008). A randomised controlled trial was conducted to compare alarm interventions with no specific treatment, behavioural interventions, drugs or other treatment for treatment of non-organic nocturnal enuresis in children less than 16 years found that alarms reduced nocturnal enuresis and treatment failure (Glazener, C. M., 2008). A retrospective analysis was performed on data from 423 children in the age group of 6-12 years to evaluate the combination of enuresis alarm and desmopressin in treating children with enuresis found out that 74% of children treated only with alarm became dry and 26% of children being cured by combination of desmopressin and alarm (Kamperis, K., 2008). A randomised controlled trial was done in Turkey to evaluate the effectiveness of short term desmopressin to enuritic alarm. 58 children were included in the study. The results showed that addition of short term desmopressin to alarm therapy was more effective only in the treatment time, but it did not change the response to alarm therapy in long term (Aktas, B. K., 2008). A study was conducted to determine the effect and predictive factors of relapse 1 year after combination therapy of an enuresis alarm, bladder training therapy, motivational therapy and retention control training for nocturnal enuresis. It was done in 77 children at Gasthuisberg. Gender, age, sleep arousal, family-history, bladder capacity, overactive bladder, night-time polyuria, duration of treatment, and psychosocial factors were investigated. The relapse rate during the whole year was 50%, with 33.8% of subjects being dry and 16.2% sometimes wet. The relapse rate after 1 year was 16%. The relapse rate during the treatment year was high, but the relapse rate after 1 year was low.It was found out that psychosocial problems and overactive bladder were the only 2 predictive factors for relapse (Van Kampen M, et al., 2004). A retrospective study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of behavioural therapy for primary nocturnal enuresis.250 children in the age group of 5-17 years were selected for the study it was found out that behavioral therapy is effective than desmopressin (Marcopennes, et al., 2004). In a case-based study, on a 6 year 6 month old child with complaints of bedwetting twice a week, a complete physical examination and history collection was performed. Child was treated with motivational therapy and was recommended parents of the child to be supportive of the patients dry nights avoid criticism of wet nights, avoid excessive fluid intake 2 hours before bedtime and emptying his bladder at bedtime. After 1 month it was found that bedwetting problem had improved significantly (Paredes, 2002). A controlled trial was undertaken to evaluate the practicability and efficacy of treating enuretic children in residential Childrens Homes by using enuresis alarm. An experimental design was employed with 19 and 20 subjects in the treatment and control groups respectively. Eighteen of the nineteen treatment group children achieved initial arrest of enuresis in a mean of 11.9 weeks of treatment (range 5-28 weeks). After a follow-up period of 20 months, 17, out of the 19 children were known to be dry. It was concluded that alarm treatment was effective and practicable in Childrens Homes as in family situations (Jehu, D., 2002). A randomised controlled trial was conducted at Canada to determine the self concept and behaviour change after 6 months of treatment with conditioning alarm. 182 children of age more than 7 years were included and it was found that there is improvement in the childrens self concept after alarm treatment (Longstaff, S., 2000). A randomised prospective study was done in France to compare the effectiveness of desmopressin and alarm treatment. 135 children were included in the study from the age group of 6-16 years. The study results showed that desmopressin was effective only for short term and enuresis alarm was effective for long term (Faraj, G. et al., 1999) A study conducted to find out the effectiveness of star charts among127 children who were referred to an enuresis clinic. The average age of the children who were included in the study was 8.8 years old. Most of them had severe enuresis, which was already unsuccessfully treated. Of the 127 children, 22 became dry when star charts were used to reward their behaviour. Eighty-one of the remaining 96 children had an initial success of 42 consecutive dry nights. Failure to achieve dryness for six months was strongly associated with psychiatric disorders of the children, family stress, and the absence of concern by child and parents (Hanafin, 1998). An experimental study was conducted in United Kingdom to assess the efficacy of alarm mono therapy with combination of alarm and desmopressin. 35 children in the age group of 6-12 years were included in the study. Study showed that children receiving combination therapy had more dry nights per week (Bradburry, M., 1997). A retrospective study among 541 children at childrens Hospital of Florence University revealed that motivational therapy is effective. All the patients have been initially helped only with motivational counseling and 76 among them became dry at nights permanently . The remaining 250 children were treated with the conditioning alarm system, always associated with motivation, urine control exercises and other psychological support like token economy. After a follow-up of 6 months of this kind of treatment ,permanent recovery were there in 211 children (84%).No significant difference was noted in relation to sex. These positive results for the conditioning devices shows that the etiology of primary enuresis is mainly biologic. The bell alarm treatment is the most effective treatment for nocturnal enuresis (Bartolozzi, G., 1991). A study conducted to identify family factors, and with emotional stress factors related to nocturnal enuresis, 127 children who were referred to an enuresis clinic in Sydney were studied. The average age of the children was 8.8 years old. Most of them had severe enuresis and had been already treated unsuccessfully. One-third of the childrens fathers and 70 percent of mothers were unemployed. 41 % of parents acknowledged environmental stresses such as financial or marital disharmony , or serious illness or death in the family.Out of 127 children, 22 became dry when star charts were used to reward their behaviour. Eighty-one of the remaining children had an initial success of 42 consecutive dry nights. The study suggests that the high success rate in these children is related to close supervision by clinical personnel, encouragement by the family, and by giving the child almost complete responsibility for continuing the program. The study suggests that careful identification of associa ted factors like medical illness, familial stress, and other problems such as housing must be addressed as part of an effective enuresis program (Devlin, J.B., 1990).

Politics Impact On Financial Market And Economy Economics Essay

Politics Impact On Financial Market And Economy Economics Essay The stock market affects the economy on different sides: first the wealth effect which is the effect on people financial outlook, this means that people lose their money on shares. The second impact is the effect on pensions which means the investment trust that can be the most important thing for the long term development. The third impact is represented by the consumer confidence for the stock market. The fourth impact is the investment itself which is represented by the increased issuing for shares. The last impact is the bond market which develops and improves the investments (Pettinger, 2011). The economics of a country is related to the stock exchange situation. Stock exchange has many roles in the economy: raising capital for business through selling shares, mobilizing savings for investments helps companies management in financing their organizations, facilitating company growth through merger agreement in stock market, profit sharing through dividends and stock price that generate revenue if it increases and corporate governance by offering public stock exchange (kelly, 2010). Stock exchange also involve in creating investment opportunities for small investments since investing in shares is open for both large and small stock investors because a person buys the number of share he can afford. It is a barometer of economy since the share prices rise and fall depending on market forces. If the economy shows sign of stability and growth, the share prices tend to rise or remain stable, however if it shows depression then the stock market crash (Mandelbrot Hudson, 2006).   The types of stocks are: Common stock, Concentrated stock, Golden share, Growth stock,   Issued shares, Preferred stock, Restricted stock, Shares authorized, Shares outstanding, Tracking stock, and Treasury stock (Little, 2012). In economics, a financial market is a mechanism that allows people to buy and sell financial securities, commodities, and other fungible items of value at low transaction costs and at prices that reflect the efficient market hypothesis (Mandelbrot Hudson, 2006).   Finance markets facilitate the raise of capital, the transfer of risk, and the international trade. The financial market matches between the borrower and the lender who buys or sold securities. Borrowers of the financial market can be individual persons, private companies, public corporations, government, and municipalities; whereas lenders in the financial market are the investors(Soros, 2009).   The Financial markets could mean: 1. Organizations that facilitate the trade in financial products. For example: stock exchanges facilitate the trade in stocks, bonds, and warrants. 2. Relating buyers and sellers to trade financial products. Financial market can be domestic or international; trading financial products attract the interest of finance expert while the matches between seller and buyer attract the interest of economics (Dorfman, 1997). The finance markets have changes due to globalization and new economic climate, the demand have increased from investors, regulators, and customers. In Marc Fabers book Gloom Boom Doom Report, there is identification for three structural changes in modern finance (Soros, 2009).   These changes are called: the three Ations The first Ation is securitization where a liability or a mortgage is turned into an asset. The increase in securitization lead to a big problem since it decreases the liquidity. The second Ation is the digitalization of financial trading where technology network have linked globally the financial markets. The third Ation is the quantification where strong tendency in financial markets can be turned into organized spreadsheets with clear buy and sell signals. Finance market is always exposed to risks due to the change in political, social, or technology situation (Amadeo, 2012). Market risk  is the decrease in the value of an investment or trading due to the change in value of the market risk factors. The four standard market risk factors are stock prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and commodity prices. The related market risks are: equity risk: the risk that stock prices will change. Interest rate risk: the risk that interest rates will change. Currency risk: the risk that foreign exchange rates will change. Commodity risk: the risk that commodity prices such as corn, copper, crude oil will change. Risk modeling  means the use of techniques in order to determine the financial risk. The techniques include  market risk,  value at risk, historical simulation, or  extreme value theory  in order to analyze a financial situation and forecast the losses (Crockford, 1986). The financial risks are categorized into  credit risk,  liquidity risk,  interest rate risk, and  operational risk  categories. Political risk is considered one of the operational risk beside legal risk and the operational risk management. This type of risks faces the investors, government, and corporations. There are macro and micro-level political risks. The Macro-level political risks have similar impacts across all foreign actors in a given location. This means that it affects all participants in a given country. Micro-level risks focus on sector, firm, or project specific risk. The political climate has a direct impact on every company and all businesses (Crockford, 1986). Politics is the process where a group of people make collective decisions that arrange the public regulations. Politics show authority and power that permits the government to manage and control the internal stability. The government failure occurs when it lose the ability to provide the civil his financial, social, and economical rights, in addition to the ability in controlling the political security. This can occur for the following reasons: Poor Information: this means that politicians may have poor information about the type of service to provide. Political interference: this means that politicians may take the short term view rather than considering long term effects. Lack of incentives: There is no profit motive working in the public sector which can lead to inefficiency. According to Bato (2010), the relationship is between the political freedom and the economic is statistically significant. Political freedom is connected with the concepts of  equality,  civil liberties,  and  human rights. It provides the country the ability to start a new beginning that improves people lives. According to political philosopher  Nikolas Kompridis, the pursuit of freedom in the modern era can be broadly divided into two motivating ideals: freedom as  autonomy, or  independence. There are different types of political failures: A crisis of state authority which is represented by military pressures, a succession crisis, or severe corruption. This can reflect the rise of religious sectors against the ruling government. Major divisions among the official, military, economic, and religious experts of the country. Economic conditions that seem unjustly on workers can be the main factor in government failure. A broad culture of opposition that unites different social and political groups that encourages efforts to oppose the government. The political revolutions are the activity that aims to change the government and the political system that leads to instability in the internal political situation that has negative effect on the economy in addition to the destruction of the structure. Europeans spoke of revolutions when one form of government gave way to another or a city-states government shifted between republican and aristocratic rule. The notion of revolution destroys the old ways in order to bring new progresses that improve the performance. The revolutions were involved in: Economics: the shift from agricultural to industrial economies is called the Industrial Revolution. Science: Scientific Revolution is used to indicate the shift from traditional natural philosophy to experimental science. Moreover, the revolutions were involved in improving the performance in military and other aspects (Bremmer, 2007). Political revolutions is used for sudden changes in the government through demonstrations and accompanied by attacks on government officials, on public or private property or any other political authority. When the revolution change government institutions but leave the economic and social structure; they are called social revolutions. While they are called the great revolution if they change the government structures, the organization of the economy, the social hierarchy, the role of religion, and major symbols and beliefs regarding authority and national identity. Revolutions are a form of internal political conflict that relates to popular rebellions or civil wars. Revolution is not just challenges to political authority for power but efforts to change a societys major political or economic or religious institutions. Political revolutions is the result of government failure, therefore it aims at improving the economics of the country by changing the government and political structure (Bremmer, 2007). The modern idea of revolution that developed in the eighteenth century was to show revolutions as progressive changes in the social order. These changes replaced outdated and unjust political, economic, religious, and social institutions with a new social organization. The political revolutions have different objectives (Bremmer, 2007): Constitutional revolutions objective is to replace  traditional empires with republics bound by newly written rules that would limit state power and give rights and responsibilities to citizens. As an example on this type: the American Revolution 1776; the French Revolution 1789; the Revolutions of 1848 in France, Germany, and Austria; the Turkish Revolution of 1919; the Iranian Revolution of 1905; and the Chinese Republican Revolution (1911). Anticolonial revolutions objective is to end rule by foreign countries. Some examples include the Latin American revolutions 1808-1828, the Vietnamese 1954 and Algerian 1962 revolutionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Communist revolutions: inspired by the historical theories of Karl Marx, aimed to overturn existing government and replace them with one-party states that remove private property. They revolutions created dictatorships that destroyed economic elites. For example on this revolution type, Russia 1917, China 1949, and Cuba 1959. Antidictatorial revolutions: it is the result of corruption of dictatorships, aimed to create new governments based on constitutions or one-party states. For examples Mexico 1911, Nicaragua 1979, and the Philippines 1976 (Bremmer, 2007). People are involving in selecting the right government that can provide them strong economy and stable politics situation. The impact of the revolution on the economy is negative during the act, beside it need a period of time in order to rearrange the regulations and control the financial market. The stock market price will decrease since the demand will stop all the revolution period. Moreover the exchange will stop due to the difficulties and risk in transporting. Arab countries have successful take their independents from the occupational countries. However, the leader who have organized the anticolonial revolution, ruled for a long period of time without respecting the countrys constitution. The majorities of Arab young are educated and have the ability to be productive in his country. However, they are struggling to find full time employment due to the mess in distributing the job on unqualified people who permit the government to work for personal benefits. The Arab reaction to the popular movement in Tunisia was surprising since they were  motivated to move against their own governments. Arab countries lack political freedom beside to the economic difference (low income people, or high income), therefore they may use Tunisia sample in their own internal revolutions. The revolutions show a new beginning of a new Arab countries that aim at changing the governments that stole their economics resources by a government that provide them a strong economy. However, the fact is that The Egyptian market remained closed for the entire month of February even as the hardest hit markets were Oman and Qatar, down10.2% and 9.3% respectively for the month of February, while Dubai lost 8.1% and Saudi 6.6%.     Investors seeking to reduce risk were forced to sell out of other Middle Eastern markets, including Qatar and Saudi Arabia. All countries within the Region are different with respect to their social, economic, and political challenges. However, we may witness further pockets of changes across the Middle East. The fire that engulfed the Arab communities commenced in Tunisia, spread to Egypt, and transformed itself into a distinguished moment in the history of the Arab nation. Tunisians and Egyptians surprised the world with the speed and dynamic nature of the revolution that within weeks achieved its objectives. The impacts of these revolutions are still expanding to stimulate the Arab masses to change their internal governments in Libya, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Yemen, Bahrain, and in Iraq. After undergoing the study, the collected data through both data collecting tools, secondary and primary, shows that the political turbulence has a negative impact on the financial economy.

Wall Street Essay -- essays research papers

In 1938, and in the teeth of the longest and fiercest depression that the United States had ever known, capital spending hit an all time high. That’s right! In 1938 the men who owned America began to pour millions of Dollars into new plant and equipment as if there was no tomorrow. We don’t think much about it today, because it has been a long time since the United States has experienced a real bone jolting economic slowdown. The fact is, however, that the very best time for the industrialist to invest in new technologies is in the middle of a depression. This is because it is at such times that labor, raw materials, and new equipment can be purchased at rock bottom prices. Henry Ford may have jumped the gun a bit. He shut down his River Rouge plant for two years starting in 1932 so that it could be completely rebuilt. Being a bit of a genius, Ford used his time and money to redesign the plant to create one of the most powerful little engines ever built: the Ford V8. Th is engine was so good that it was modified only slightly to equip certain aircraft for use in World War II. It also powered a series of red hot Ford cars all the way through the 1950s. At the same time that Ford was rebuilding his River Rouge plant, Joseph Alois Schumpeter, an Austrian economist who had migrated to Harvard University, was hard at work on a book that would explain the paradox suggested above, namely the timing of business cycles and technological change. In this all but forgotten work one of our most famous economists spelled out the secrets of the business cycle, that is the same old pattern of boom and bust that may be coming back to haunt us now. Many, if not most, American college students know Schumpeter's name because of his work in defense of free enterprise called Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. This was not, however, the book that Schumpeter was working on as America slogged through the mean and hungry 1930s. The book published by Schumpeter in 1939 is called " Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process. " Not only is Schumpeter's definitive two volume study of the business cycle not on college reading lists today, but, indeed, it continues to languish in its first edition. The embarrassing truth is that Schumpeter's real masterpiece remains almost unread. The present writer checked out this forgo... ...sions , as Schumpeter explains in Business Cycles, is the long term movement of prices generated by long waves of technological change. What goes up has to come back down. There are those who believe that Greenspan would bring down this bull market gently if he could. Certainly he has tried. It is unlikely that Greenspan’s gentle jawboning will do this, however, since, as Kindleberger points out, when investors are going hog wild in an inflationary stock market they are simply not willing to listen to reason from the lips of central bankers and their like. From Schumpeter's point of view, the underlying cause of the next market crash, would simply be that the long wave of prosperity that began in 1938 is now over. According to Kindleberger's careful history mentioned above the speculative bubble in many past economic crises has often burst as the result of some purely exogenous event. If an army somewhere loses a battle, for example, markets crash as investors run for the exits. The IBD closes its' provocative article mentioned above by suggesting that the infamous Y2K bug might just play the role of the required exogenous force here. Letâ€℠¢s hope that they are wrong for once!

Scientific Knowledge - Whos Responsible for its Use? Essay -- Argumen

Scientific Knowledge - Who's Responsible for its Use? Society has become very dependent upon the technological advances of science. As a result, our expectations of scientists to continue to make our world better are extensive. Unfortunately, not all scientific discoveries and technological advances have resulted in improvements. In fact, environmental problems, such as air pollution and toxic waste, have resulted from the technological advances we use daily. Blaming the scientists who create the methods, concepts, and procedures that lead to negative circumstances is easy to do and done quite often. But should the scientists be the owners of this blame? How is this fair when their initial intentions for research were to improve, yet the findings and application result in harm? The problems of the general public, supposedly invoked by the scientists, lie in the hands of society. The miscommunications of the media, ignorance, and neglect for the environment, contribute to the misapplication of scientific information. Lewis Thomas, a graduate of Harvard Medical School, defends the motive of scientists to pursue their research. Very often, scientists are charged with hubris, the "overreaching pride that leads humans to start 'doing things reserved for the gods' " (Thomas, 236). Techniques, such as recombinant DNA and in vitro fertilization, are means by which society believes scientists have defied the intentions of Mother Nature. But should the scientist be responsible for the act of hubris when it is the lay people who exploit the scientific methods. The drive for research may be to truly make a positive difference and make a lifesaving contribution to the world. Lewis Thomas contends that the drive for knowledge is due to... ...ources of information. Science will continue to evolve, as we humans have. Our responsibility, we who rent this earth for the duration of our lives, to practice good judgement in the use of scientific information, so that we can keep this earth habitable for generations to come. Works Cited Bishop, Michael J. "Enemies of Promise." In The Presence of Others: Voices that Call for Response, edited by Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1997. Kelly, Kevin. "Interview with the Luddite." In The Presence of Others: Voices that Call For Response, edited by Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1997. Thomas, Lewis. "The Hazards of Science." In The Presence of Others: Voices that Call For Response, edited by Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1997.

Case Study Ebay Strategy in China

Introduction Basics of Occupational Safety, in my opinion could be explained as most important steps of identifying, recognizing, avoiding, controling and methods of protection from risks and other possible factors that can affect our   physical and emotional health. Occupational safety consists from our personal safety and of those who surround us. To be away of accidents and other harmful factors we should be first an informed person over potential risks, ways of avoiding it and of course methods of helping each other or our self in case we are in a risky situation. Information is available everywhere is just important to know which one is a correct information helping you to have correct steps of protection yourself and which one is a incorrect one. A correct information is the that one approved by law and proved in practice. Accidents and prevention Accidents and risks are everywhere and no one can protect you form a potential accident that yourself. Nature is unpredictable and everybody has their one destiny. But by being an informed person you get power on controlling situations and avoiding risk from your life. An accident if a factor which can provoke harm to you health or take your life for good. There is always ways of avoiding accidents and those who care about their life will do all possible to survive it and get form it at least alive if is not possible to avoid wounds and broken bones. In my opinion to avoid an accident is: 1. Knowing the rules of working place or transportation rules and respect them 2. being informed on potential risks places and better to avoid them 3. have an idea of according first aid in case of possible accidents 4. e protected with special suits, glows etc. , if working area is in possible risk all time 5. know where is urgent exit doors form buildings in case of risks 6. know where are urgent buttons 7. where is the specialized room for accident cases which have all necessary tools for protection 8. know where is health box for accident cases 9. know where are the closes points of hospitals and health points 10. being informed of scheme of building 11. at le ast 2-3 times have done the training for special cases and accidents and know how to behave in this situations 12. now the specialized person who have done trainings for first aid 13. being patient and non stressed and with focused attention is extreme situations and support weak persons 14. location of first aid equipment 15. to protect the casualty against further injury without creating a risk for oneself 16. the plan for access to additional care 17. to observe and interpret the victim's general condition 18. to assess the situation, the magnitude and severity of the injuries and the need for additional medical help. Occupational diseases and prevention What are occupational diseases? A disease is a virus who harm your heath and provoke illness and potential death. Occupational diseases are a long list of diseases who can migrate form one person to another if is transmissible or can be   gained form you unhealthy work place always posed at risks for being infected with chemical harmful products or can bring physical harms. Being protected means in first place to be a informed person, to respect working place rules and where special glows and protection suits, always have a planed day when you can go and do a general investigation on your physical situation and also psychological one. Always have a planed day, have planed breaks and eat healthy food, have at least 1h per day for physical trainings, have a sleeping regime. If you fell you are tired or fell strange modifications on your general health don't hesitate to visit a doctor for a small investigation. Nobody can save you from those diseases who are genetically transmitted but only you can make your health situation better by taking care of yourself and avoid risks. Riscks and their management A person can be applied for an first aid in different situation and depends of few key factors: – size and layout of the enterprise type of work and associated level of risk – other enterprise characteristics – availability of other health services. The risks of injury vary greatly from one enterprise and from one occupation to another. Even within a single enterprise, such as a metalworking firm, different risks exist depending on whether the worker is engaged in the handling and cutting of metal sheets, risk of burns and electrocution, the assembly of parts, or metal plating the potential of poisoning and skin injury. The risks associated with one type of work vary according to many other factors, such as the design and age of the machinery used, the maintenance of the equipment, the safety measures applied and their regular control. A distinction is sometimes made between the type of work and the specific potential risks:  · low risk-for example, in offices or shops  · higher risk-for example farms and in some factories and yards  · specific or unusual risks- like underground work, diving operations, transportation and shipping. Example of potential hazards will be: 1. rushing injuries 2. falls 3. lack of oxygen 4. risks of spreading fire and explosions 5. intoxication by chemicals at work 6. serious cuts, severed limbs 7. exposure to infectious agents, animal bites and stings. How to manage with potential risks and how to manage accidental situations? Every company in our days meet many challenges in changing their safety programs   as they understood that they are responsible for worker s life and safety at working place and because of hight penalties that have to pay to high priced medicaments in case of accidents at working place. To manage a risk situation you should have knowledges in many safety areas: chemistry and biology- hazardous substances, ergonomics- limitations of human power, designing machines and facilitations, knowledges about pollution, environmental alteration, psychology helps to understand human behavior, medicine helps to understand mechanisms of injuries and how to prevent them, business and economics helps to improve safety and contribute to profitability and productivity. Most of the companies have different hazards unique safety expertise and most of them do next several thinks: * we must recognize hazard situations, conditions and situations can cause illness injuries; * we should consider fire protection: reducing fire hazard by making regular inspections and instal fire detectors and suppression systems * health control hazards: as noise hazards, chemical, biological, radiation hazards which can affect our life * always have ready equipments, materials, facilities and   professional abilities * make sure that mandatory safety and health standards are satisfied * improve management for hazardous products by keeping them away of humans, fire, other substances or stored in special places; * explain people about their limitations and abilities, characteristics of products * protect environment by not releasing poisoning substances in air or water * make planed trainings on explaining workers on way of recognizing potential hazards and make their wor k safe and   effective. Conclusion From all we explained till now, we can evaluate the main point of safety science: gives people to identify, evaluate, control and prevent risks in their working place or day by day. Ricks cant be prevented, their are everywhere but there is always professionals dedicated to prevent human suffering and potentials losses. Author: Irina Soltoianu

Essay over Reading

â€Å"Being Country† by Bobbie Ann Mason It’s kind of crazy how stories you read can bring so many mental pictures in your mind of things you can relate to it. In Bobbie Ann Mason’s story, â€Å"Being Country†, I related very well to the country style of living. I, myself, lived in a very small country town in Texas, and know people just like the â€Å"country people† noted in Mason’s story. The subject I visualized a lot throughout reading this was the food. There is nothing better in the whole world than good ole’ southern cooking.Back home in Texas I had a buddy that was a â€Å"country boy†, and anytime I went over to the Tapley’s house for dinner; I knew I was in for a treat. I can remember one night his mom came out with humungous steaks that they had just received from their last cattle. The juices all over the plate, the large ears of corn, the twice baked potatoes, and fresh green bean casserole had my saliva goi ng bonkers in my mouth. I can still visualize the way the table was set with the decorative valentines table cloth and the silver utensils.When I was reading about all of the different foods the mother making, it triggered my mind to go back and remember Mrs. Tapley in the kitchen slaving over all of the dishes. When dinner time came we all huddled around the table where Mr. Tapley said grace. I’m pretty sure it went a little like, â€Å"We thank god for the blessing to be able to grow our own food and for the prosperous seasons he has brought us and for the future. In God’s name, Amen. † After that amen, we feasted. Myself and the Tapley’s filled our faces until our stomachs said no more.During this obliteration of food I don’t recall us ever saying a word, just like in Mason’s essay it is a given that at the dinner table it is strictly about enjoying the meal that has been placed in front of you. No talking is necessary but there are the o ccasional jokes popped off usually by the head of the table. The imagery that has been placed in my head by Mason’s story has not only made me think solely upon the one experience I have explained. It makes me think about my town as a whole. The coffee shop in my town was smack dab in the middle of what Mason calls her â€Å"square† ours was the Brookshire’s enter. The coffee shop was across the street from the center of which also had our neighborhood groceries, Brookshire’s Grocery. Walking out of Brookshire’s you can always smell the Coffee shop’s rich fragrance of coffee bean no matter what time of the day. Recollections of my step dad walking out of the grocery store and saying the same thing Mason’s dad would say to her, â€Å"I hate that smell! † Coffee isn’t my sort of thing either, but I do however love the smell of coffee in the morning. And walking out of brookshire’s was always heavenly smelling the Co ffee Shop.My most fond memory however was sparked when Mason starts talking about her grandmother. My grandmother was a country woman and grew up in Iowa on a farm herself. My grandma was always so conservative and would save any leftovers if possible because she grew up just like Mason says, â€Å"†¦ haunted by the fear of crop failure. We ate as if we didn’t know where our next meal might come from. † My grandmother was simply always scared we weren’t going to have enough food. When we would go to Brookshire’s she would always over stock the house with food.Snacks, drinks, meals, dessert, soups and just about anything you could name has probably been through my house as well. She made so many meals that were just out of ingredients she threw together, and my brother and I were always the Guinea pigs. All my grandma would do is work around the house, cook and clean just like what Mason states about her grandmother when saying she doesn’t know any different. When thinking of my grandmother I think of a kind and gentle voice so in my head whenever I read what her grandma was saying I heard a voice much similar to my grandmother’s.In conclusion, Bobbie Ann Mason’s â€Å"Being Country† really hit home to me. It showed me how imagery can play a big role in writing, and how it can really persuade the reader to keep reading. I now understand that the visual art must be consumed by the readers through the writer’s capabilities to trigger the readers mind. It is just up to the writer on whether or not they express their visual presentation well enough to the reader. â€Å"Being Country† definitely displayed it’s visual art to me by making me feel like I was back in my little Podunk town in Texas.

Multiple Intelligence Theory Essay

Many students choose to attend APUS because the University fosters differing educational styles and empowers the students through education. The Student Handbook states, â€Å"The University System fosters an environment that promotes a life of learning for its constituents and uses feedback from its participants and supporters to improve the quality of its teaching, learning, and support†¦ The University System anticipates and adapts to its changing environment and responds to the needs of the organization and its constituencies in manners both appropriate and timely.† In the beginning of College 100, students are introduced to the different learning styles and the theory of multiple intelligences. By becoming familiar with other students learning styles and exploring the multiple intelligences students became more tolerant towards others and were able to strengthen their learning power. Being familiar with multiple intelligence theory, knowing the different learning sty les, utilizing appropriate classroom methods, and exploring the interdisciplinary classroom will empower students towards a lifetime of learning. Recognizing the multiple intelligence theory is the first step in capturing the different learning styles. â€Å"Howard Gardners multiple intelligence theory (Gardner, 1993) proposes the idea that we all have various levels of intelligence across a range of intellectual areas† (Pritchard, 2008). The concept that people learn in different ways, and perceive and learn by different methods is what makes up the theory of multiple intelligences. There are at least nine different intelligences in which people display in varying ways (Pritchard, 2008). The styles are as follows: linguistic, logical/mathematical, musical, spatial/visual, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, and existential (Pritchard, 2008). Student’s particular academic strengths have a direct impact on how effective their learning will be for their overall education. When applying multiple intelligences to the classroom, it is very important to cater to all the types of learning styles. When discussing learning styles in the forums of College 100, every student had a different way of learning that especially worked for them. If every single assignment or activity in a classroom is slanted towards visual learning, then the students who are auditory or kinesthetic learners will be at a serious disadvantage. These students will not be able to express themselves or be able to conform to the teaching style if their learning needs are not met. â€Å"In planning for multiple intelligences, teachers consider the range of activities related to the content of the lesson and the intended learning outcomes will give a range of opportunities to the children’s different intelligence strengths† (Pritchard, 2008). It is very important for a teacher to introduce a range of activities and presentations in order to make the most out of multiple intelligences. A learning style is reflected by a students preferred method of learning, which is a direct result of their type of intelligence. It is irresponsible for a teacher to assume that all of their students will learn in the same manner. The four main styles of learning are visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and extrovert. Every style has strengths and weaknesses. It is crucial in the educational environment to exploit the student’s strengths and protect the weaknesses. A student’s self-worth and esteem can be very much tied up with their learning capability. Teachers must exhibit a range of teaching styles, so that their students learning styles will be compatible. â€Å"Diverse personalities impact relationships, motivation, and ease of learning in classroom and work environments. Where there are diverse personalities within groups, people generally prefer and choose to be with others who are similar to themselves; individuals may even dislike those who have different attitudes and behaviors from their own† (Richardson & Arker, 2010). What Richardson and Arker are implying is that people of different personalities and learning styles tend to stick in the same groups. It would be to the benefit of everyone if individuals of different personalities and persuasions were put together in one group, that way the group will be more powerful and will benefit greatly from the input of everybody. A truly good teacher will ensure that they have designed their curriculum in such a way so that students learning needs are met. Classroom arrangements can be made so that individuals of similar temperaments are brought together in what is called compatibility scheduling. This arrangement will enhance the overall productivity of students as well as teachers† (Richar dson & Arker, 2010). As multiple intelligence theory has developed, advances in classroom methods have also been made. There are at least three different methods that combine multiple intelligence theory with learning styles in order to better the classroom environment. â€Å"Brain-based education supports the need to differentiate instruction† (Richardson & Arker, 2010). Some studies in brain research have shown that there is such a thing as a left-brain and a right-brain. People can be left or right brain dominate, which largely determines the individuals learning style. â€Å"Collaborative learning is a method of teaching and learning in which student’s team together to explore a significant question or create a meaningful project† (Educational Broadcasting Corporation, 2004). This type of classroom learning will serve to help the entire group. The students and teachers will be able to pick out the roles that suit them best, thus serving the group to the best of their ability. Another method that is similar to collaborative learning is cooperative learning. In cooperative learning, â€Å"Students work together in small groups on a structured activity. They are individually accountable for their work, and the work of the group as a whole is also assessed. Cooperative groups work face-to-face and learn to work as a team† (Educational Broadcasting Corporation, 2004). Cooperative learning is becoming a very popular method. It uses individuals best qualities for the betterment of the group. By using these methods in the classroom learning becomes an active process and engages all types of learning styles. The Western world has divided education into blocks, and then further divided the blocks into disciplines. While convenient on paper, it is clear that education and disciplines overlap, the world is a fluid place. Interdisciplinary education is an approach that blends different disciplines and utilizes multiple intelligence theory and varying learning styles. â€Å"The exponential growth of knowledge in the twentieth century revealed how disciplinary cultures and perspectives could discourage inquiries and explanations that spanned disciplinary boundaries. Disciplines, it now seems clear, are powerful but constraining ways of knowing† (Lattuca, 2001). By breaking down the walls of the disciplines, students are empowered to use their differing learning styles. This will result in students having positive experiences with education. Students will then seek out a lifetime of learning, and encourage other to seek knowledge. Recognizing the theory of multiple intelligences and defining each student’s learning style will lead to success in education. By utilizing methods such as brain-based learning, cooperative learning, and collaborative learning teachers can empower students by giving them the educational method that works best for each individual. Combining all of these aspects yields the concept of interdisciplinary learning, leading to a lifetime of successful education, teaching, and learning. References Concept to Classroom: Course Menu. (2004). THIRTEEN – New York Public Media. Retrieved December 2, 2012, from http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/index.html Lattuca, L. R. (2001). Creating interdisciplinarity: Interdisciplinary research and teaching among college and university faculty. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. Pritchard, A. (2008). Ways of Learning [electronic resource]: Learning Theories and Learning Styles in the Classroom. Hoboken, NJ: David Fulton Publishers. Richardson, R., & Arker, E. (2010). Personalities in the Classroom: Making the Most of Them. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 46(2), 76-81.

Alcohol Advertising to Youth Essay

Many people are unaware of the prevalence of underage drinking in the United States. Every day in the United States, more than 4,750 kids under age 16 have their first full drink of alcohol. More youth in the United States drink alcohol than smoke tobacco or marijuana, making it the drug most used by American young people. Youth who start drinking before the age of 15 are five times more likely to develop alcohol dependency or abuse in their lifetime than those who begin drinking at 21 years or later. All of these facts were published by the Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth. They have published many reports on the prevalence of drinking among underage youth. But why do underage youth start drinking alcohol in the first place? According to many studies, alcohol advertising is the main influencer of alcohol consumption among underage youth. Alcohol advertising influences the use of alcohol among youth and increases the likelihood that they will consume alcohol illegally. For example, a study published in 2006 found that for each additional alcohol ad a young person saw (above the monthly youth average of 23), he or she drank one percent more. Also, for every additional dollar spent on alcohol advertising in a local market, underage drinkers consumed three percent more alcohol (Surgeon General, 2007). Because young children are likely to be influenced by alcohol advertisements, there needs to be stricter regulations on the advertising industries ability to advertise alcohol to underage youth. According to the Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking (2007), â€Å"The short-and long-term consequences that arise from underage alcohol consumption are astonishing in their range and magnitude, affecting adolescents, the people around them, and society as a whole. † Therefore, there should be a stricter regulation on alcohol advertising to youth because of the strong influence it has on their behavior and their alcohol consumption patterns. Each year, the alcohol industry spends more than four billion dollars marketing its products (Mosher & Cohen, 2012). There have been multiple studies that have correlated underage youth exposure with a greater likelihood of drinking. It is imperative that the government or advertising industry reduces the impact of alcohol marketing on young people. Reducing underage drinking, like smoking, is an important public health goal (Mosher & Cohen, 2012). Public health departments in California, Massachusetts, and Florida have made crucial strides in reducing underage smoking rates in their states (Mosher & Cohen, 2012). They did this my sponsoring tobacco counter advertising campaigns. This indicates that this type of approach may be effective for reducing underage drinking as well (Mosher & Cohen, 2012). The problem with this for alcohol advertising is that there are already responsibility ads, but they are outnumbered by alcohol ads 226-1 (CAMY News Release, 2004). Alcohol product advertising has increased significantly in recent years, while responsibility ads have decreased. According to a new study from CAMY at Georgetown University, the number of responsibility ads dropped by 46 percent from 2001 levels, while the number of alcohol commercials increased by 39 percent. Industry spending on responsibility ads also fell—down 57 percent from 2001. This is unacceptable. According to CAMY Executive Director, Jim O’Hara, â€Å"This minimal amount of responsibility advertising does little to reinforce the message of parents and teachers who are trying to prevent underage drinking. Our children need to receive a more balanced message about alcohol. † According to the same study, for every dollar spent on responsibility ads in 2002, the industry spent $99 on product ads, where in 2001, the ratio was $1 to $35. Alcohol companies should be required to sponsor a certain amount of responsibility ads each year, that is relative to the number of alcohol product ads they place. This would help to increase the amount of responsibility ads underage youth is exposed to and thus, increasing the amount of reinforcement they receive to not drink underage and illegally. According to the CAMY study at Georgetown University in 2002, of 59 alcohol marketers advertising on television, only four places responsibility ads in 2002. Adolph Coors Co, Anheuser-Busch Companies Inc. , SABMiller PLC and Diageo PLC were the four parent companies whose brands placed responsibility ads in 2002. Anheuser-Busch placed the most ads, but they still spent 45 times more on product ads and placed 89 more product ads than responsibility ads (CAMY, 2002). Underage youth were 287 times more likely per capita to see a TV commercial promoting alcohol from 2001 to 2006 (Nielsen Media Research, 2006). Other studies have found that youth exposed to alcohol in movies and to alcohol in signage near schools as well as youth ownership of alcohol promotional items are all associated with a greater likelihood of underage drinking (The Surgeon General, 2007). Therefore, because of youth’s potential to be greatly influenced by alcohol advertisements, this high amount of exposure to alcohol advertisements increases the consumption of alcohol among underage youth. There is opposition to stricter regulations on alcohol advertising; some feel that these regulations will not have any effect on the consumption and use of alcohol among underage youth. According to Marcus Grant, the president and founder of the International Centre for Alcohol Policies said that in many Scandinavian countries where alcohol advertising was banned, the prevalence of alcohol abuse was still high. Also, according to the industry Association for Responsible Alcohol Use (ARA), no evidence exists to support the notion that beverage alcohol advertising has any significant effect on the rate of alcohol abuse. According to the ARA, Denmark has a ban on all broadcast advertising except on low alcohol-content products, as well as various restrictions on print and outdoor advertising. It has one of the highest reported rates of intoxication among young people. Therefore, they feel that increasing the amount of regulations of alcohol advertising, or the banning of alcohol advertising as a whole, will not result in a decline in the rate of alcohol consumption among underage youth. While alcohol marketers have made reforms in their marketing practices, these revisions fall short (Mosher & Cohen 2012). In 2006, The STOP Act was passed, requiring that the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services report annually on rates of exposure of youth to positive and negative messages about alcohol in the mass media. Advertisers are aware of the media usage of youth and current alcohol regulations do not do enough to protect underage youth from viewing alcohol advertisements. According to CAMY reports on Youth Exposure to Alcohol Ads, the advertising industry has reduced youth exposure to its advertising in magazines and cut its spending on radio. However, youth exposure to alcohol advertising on television grew by 30 percent between 2001 and 2006 (Mosher & Cohen, 2012). Because youth, ages 12 to 20, are only 13. 3 percent of the national TV viewing audience, the current threshold of not placing ads where underage youth are more than 30 percent of the audience allows alcohol advertising on programs where there are more than twice as many youth as the viewing population (Mosher & Cohen, 2012). It is obvious that current regulations do not do enough to support the goals of Congress, and of the Surgeon General, to decrease alcohol advertising exposure and alcohol consumption among underage youth. Therefore, stricter regulations need to be put into place to restrict the advertising industry from placing alcohol advertisements within youth-consumed media. CAMY issued a report of eight methods for states to limit and reduce youth exposure to alcohol advertisements. According to CAMY, only 11 states implement more than one â€Å"best practice† policy, a total of 22 states implement no policies at all. It is important for these states to implement all of eight of the methods to ensure that underage youth are not exposed to these ads and the consequences of seeing these ads (Swift, 2011). According to a study conducted by Leslie B. Snyder, Ph. D. , of the University of Connecticut, Storrs, and colleagues, a random sample of young people between the ages of 15 to 26 years old were interviewed. The researchers reported these results: (1) For each additional alcohol advertisement viewed per month, the number of drinks consumed increased by one percent (2) The same percentage increase, one percent per alcohol advertisement per month, applied to underage drinkers (those younger than age 21) as well as legal aged drinkers (3) Youth in markets with high alcohol advertising expenditures ($10 or more per person per month) also increase their drinking more over time, reaching a peak of 50 drinks per month by age 25 and, (4) Young people drank three percent more per month for each additional dollar spent per capita in their market (Buddy T., 2006). This research shows that advertising expenditure had a direct influence on the amount of alcohol consumed by underage and legal aged drinkers. According to Snyder, â€Å"The results also contradict the claims that advertising is unrelated to youth drinking amounts†¦ Alcohol advertising was a contributing factor to youth drinking quantities over time,† (Buddy T. , 2006). The facts cannot be denied; alcohol advertising is effective. The bottom line is, the more advertising young people see, the more they drink (Buddy T. , 2012). CAMY has found that many parents are beginning to become concerned about the overexposure to alcohol advertisements that their children see. Two-thirds of parents believe more ads mean more youth drinking and 75 percent of parents agree that the alcohol industry should do more to limit youth advertising (Buddy T. , 2012). It is unacceptable that nothing more has been done to prevent this while there have been multiple studies done on the correlation between alcohol advertising and underage drinking, and they all have concluded the same results: Exposure to alcohol advertising increase the likelihood for underage drinking and increased alcohol consumption. Alcohol advertisements need to be regulated across all media forms: online, television, magazine and print, radio, etc. Young people should not be exposed to alcohol advertisements, especially within the media channels that they use most. Television alcohol ads should not be allowed to be on shows with certain percentage of underage viewers, the same goes for magazine and radio advertisements. While it will be hard to regulate this, more can be done to make sure the message of preventing underage drinking is reinforced through responsibility ads. If stricter regulations on alcohol advertisements cannot be put into place, then the amount of responsibility ads countering the alcohol ads needs to be dramatically increased. Underage youth need to constantly be reinforced with the message of not underage drinking as well as the warnings of drinking such as drunk driving. In conclusion, more needs to be done to reduce the amount of youth exposure to alcohol product advertisements and to prevent underage drinking. It is the responsibility of the government and of alcohol marketers to make sure they are protecting youth, not corrupting them at a young age. Youth exposure to alcohol advertisements increase the amount of alcohol consumed by underage drinkers and current regulations are simply not doing enough to prevent this. References â€Å"Alcohol Ads Outnumber Responsibility Ads 226-1. † About. com Alcoholism. N. p. , 2002. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Alcohol Advertising and Youth. † Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. CAMY. org, Apr. 2007. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. Mosher, James F. , JD Cohen, and Elena N. Cohen. â€Å"State Laws to Reduce the Impact of Alcohol Marketing on Youth. † Camy. org. Alcohol Policy Consultations, 1 May 2011. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Prevalence of Underage Drinking. † Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. N. p. , July 2011. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. â€Å"State Report Update 2012. † Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. N. p. , 1 May 2012. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. Swift, James. â€Å"States Not Reducing Youth Exposure to Alcohol Ads. † Youthtoday. org. YouthToday. org, 4 May 2012. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. T. , Buddy. â€Å"Alcohol Advertising Increases Youth Drinking. † About. com Alcoholism. N. p. , 19 Jan. 2006. Web. 11 Dec. 2012 T. , Buddy. â€Å"Teen Drinking Influenced by Alcohol Advertising. † About. com Alcoholism. N. p. , 19 Oct. 2012. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. T. , Buddy. â€Å"Underage Drinking Troubles Parents. † About. com Alcoholism. N. p. , 27 Dec. 2007. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General’s Call to Action To Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, 2007.